Gidan Abu Simbel - babban mashahurin gine-ginen Ramses II

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Gidan ibada na Abu Simbel, wanda ya kunshi manyan bangarori guda biyu, ana iya kiran shi daya daga cikin shahararrun kuma mafi yawan jan hankali a Misira. Manya-manyan zane-zane da aka yi da dutsen yashi sun zama alamu iri ɗaya na wannan ƙasar, kamar pyramids, sphinx ko colossi na Memnon.

Janar bayani

Abu Simbel, lu'ulu'u ne na gine-ginen Misira, dutse ne a gabar yamma da Kogin Nilu, a cikin kaurinsa an sassaka manyan ɗakuna biyu a lokaci ɗaya - Ramses II da ƙaunataccensa Nefertari. Wannan muhimmiyar alamar ta Masar tana cikin yankin Nubia, kusa da garin Aswan.

Tsayin wannan dutsen ya kai ɗaruruwan mita. A rubuce-rubucen hieroglyphic ana kiransa ko tsauni mai alfarma ko sansanin soja Ramsesopolis. Wannan yana ba mu damar tabbatar da cewa a zamanin da wannan wuri yana da katanga mai ƙarfi.

A cikin Turai, sun fara magana game da haikalin Ramses II a farkon karni na 19, lokacin da aka buga littafin "Bayyana Misira" na Edward William Lane. A yau, rukunin gidan ibada a cikin Abu Simbel yana cikin Lissafin al'adun duniya na UNESCO kuma ɗayan ɗayan abubuwan tarihi ne waɗanda ba na al'ada ba na tsohuwar al'adar Masar.

Karanta kuma: Haikali a Karnak - wani babban tsari ne a Misira.

Tarihi

Gina gidan Abu Simbel a Misira ya fara ne a 1264 kafin haihuwar Yesu. e. kuma yayi shekara 20. A waccan lokacin, ana sake gina wasu wurare masu kama da guda 6 a Nubia, wadanda ya kamata su karfafa matsayin gwamnatin Masar a wannan yankin. Bayan faduwar Sabuwar Masarauta, an bar garin, kuma gine-ginen da kansu sun zama marasa amfani kuma basu da amfani.

A lokacin da Bature ya fara zuwa Afirka, an binne haikalin duka a ƙarƙashin tan na yashi da aka kawo daga hamada. Halin ya canza ne kawai a cikin 1813, lokacin da dan Switzerland Jean-Louis Burkhard ya yi tuntuɓe a kan iyakar facade na Babban Haikali ya gaya wa abokinsa, mai binciken Italiya kuma masanin ilimin tarihin Giovanni Belzoni, game da abin da aka samo. Kawai sa'annan bai taɓa gudanar da haƙa harami kuma ya sami babbar hanyar shiga ba. Wannan ya faru ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1817, lokacin da Belzoni ya koma Misira tare da sahabbansa biyu - hafsoshin sojojin ruwan Biritaniya, Laftana Irby da Kyaftin Mengli. Su ukun a zahiri a cikin wata ɗaya sun 'yanta ɓangaren babba na tashar daga yashi kuma sun sami nasarar shiga ciki.

Balaguro na gaba, ya kasance anan daga 1818 zuwa 1819, ya sami damar tserar da mutum-mutumin kudu kuma ya fara aiki akan maƙwabcinsa. Sannan masana kimiyya sun iya bayyana cewa gumakan Ramses suna zaune, ba a tsaye ba. Zuwa karshen karni na 20 duk duniya ta fara magana game da kyau da girman Ramsesopolis. Yawancin shahararrun matafiya sun sami damar ziyarta a nan, amma ɗayansu ne kawai ya sami nasarar kammala babban aikin. Shi ne mai tsara zane-zane Alessandro Barsanti, wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Ma'aikatar Tarihi ta Masar. Yin amfani da hauhawar ruwan da ya faru yayin gina Dam na Aswan na Farko, ya share yankin haikalin gaba daya kuma ya 'yantar da duk siffofin da suka kawata shi daga yashi.

Haikalin Ramses II

Gine-ginen gini

Haikali na Ramses 2 a cikin Abu Simbel, wanda aka keɓe ga allahn Amon-Ra, babban tsari ne, manyan abubuwan da suke manyan gumaka guda 4 ne. Ofaya daga cikinsu yana nuna Fir'auna da kansa, da wasu 3 - manyan gumakan da suka zama manyan masu kula da shi - Ra-Harakti, Ptah da Amon. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan mutum-mutumi yana sanye da rigar sarauta kuma an kawata shi da kambi mai ɗumbi biyu, wanda ke nuna mulkin ɗaya da ke Misira da Egyptasan Masar. Hakanan yana da ban sha'awa cewa fuskokin gumakan da ke cikin wannan rubutun suna da kama da Ramses. Ta wannan hanyar ya daidaita kansa da Allah.

Tsayin kowane adadi yana da mita 20, saboda haka sun mamaye kusan dukkanin facade. Abun takaici, daya daga cikin sassaken ya girgiza da girgizar kasa, don haka kafafunta kawai suka rayu. Gaskiya ne, gangar jiki da kai suna kwance a ƙofar - zaka iya kallon su. An yiwa bangon haikalin ado da dozin dabobi guda biyu dozin da ke yin addu'ar fitowar rana, kuma a ƙafafun katuwar colossi akwai ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke nuna mata da 'ya'yan babban mai mulkin.

Duba hoton Abu Simbel, zaku iya ganin wani daki mai ban sha'awa. Wannan wani abin tunawa ne wanda aka gina don girmama auren Fir'auna da Hattusili na II, waɗanda suka kawo ƙarshen yaƙin tsakanin Hittiyawa da Masarawa.

Tsarin ciki na Babban Haikalin ya ƙunshi 4 a hankali yana rage dakuna da wasu ɗakunan ajiya na gefe, inda ake ajiye hadaya a ciki. Zauren farko, wanda aka ƙara ginshiƙai 8, yana mai jona haɗin Ramses II da Osiris, an buɗe shi ga duk ɓangarorin jama'a. A karo na biyu, an yarda da mutanen asali masu daraja kawai. A na ukun, firistoci ne kaɗai ke da izinin tuki, na huɗu kuma ya yi aiki don bukatun sarki da kansa da danginsa.

Bangon duk waɗannan ɗakunan an lulluɓe su da frescoes da rubutu masu tsarki waɗanda ke faɗi game da mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a wancan lokacin. Rana da aka zana a saman rufin gidan suna jaddada ikon ikon sarauta, kuma kumuruwa, "suna ɓuya" kusa da bene, alama ce ta azabtarwa don cin amanar mai mulki. Mafi yawa daga cikin bas-reliefs suna ba da labarin yakin. Mafi shahara a cikinsu shi ne yadda aka yi yakin Kadesh. Anan Rameses II yana zaune akan babbar keken doki yana miƙa bakansa.

Kyakkyawan sani! Kwarin Sarakuna babban birni ne a cikin Misira wanda yakamata kowa ya ziyarta.

Kunna haske

Haikalin Ramses na II da ke Abu Simbel sananne ne ba kawai don dadadden tarihinsa da kasancewar abubuwan tarihi da yawa ba, har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na ban mamaki wanda ke faruwa sau 2 a shekara - 22.02 (haihuwar fir'auna) da 22.10 (ranar da ya hau karagar mulki). Ba shi da kyau, amma sauran lokutan wuraren da ke Ramsesopolis suna cikin maraice kuma kawai a waɗannan kwanakin, tare da farkon hasken rana, fuskar dutsen Fir'auna, Ra-Horakhte da Amon suna haskakawa da haske mai haske. Wasan yana ɗaukar onlyan mintuna kaɗan, amma, a cewar yawancin yawon buɗe ido, fuskar sarki ta haskaka da murmushi a wannan lokacin. Amma adadi na huɗu, wanda yake nuna Ptah, ba'a taɓa haskaka shi ba. Ptah shine allahn lahira kuma baya buƙatar haske, koyaushe yana rayuwa cikin duhu.

Ta yaya tsoffin magina Masar suka sami nasarar cimma wannan tasirin na gani na yau da kullun, musamman tunda ƙofar haikalin Ramses II koyaushe tana kallon gabas? Masu ilimin taurari sun taimaka musu waɗanda, a cikin ƙarni na 33 da suka gabata, suka shiga cikin tsara kusan dukkanin gine-ginen addini a ƙasar Masar.

Kwatanta farashin Masauki ta amfani da wannan Fom din

Haikali na Nefertari Merenmouth

Na biyu ko templeananan haikalin an sadaukar da shi ga allahiya Hathor da sarauniya Nefertari, matar farko ta Ramses II. A dama da hagu na babbar kofar, ana iya ganin zane-zane wanda ke nuna mai mulkin kansa da kuma “kyakkyawar abokiyar tafiya”, kamar yadda aka kira sarauniyar a lokacin rayuwarta. Abin sha'awa, dukkan mutum-mutumi 6 suna da kusan girman girma daya - kusan mita 10. A wancan lokacin, wannan lamari ne da ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba, saboda galibi hotunan da aka zana na matan Fir'auna da yaransu da kyar suke zuwa gwiwowinsa.

Gaskiya ne, ƙananan mutane ma suna faruwa a nan, amma an keɓe su ne kawai ga zuriyar dangi (sarakuna biyu da sarakuna biyu). Kowane ɗayan waɗannan manyan gumakan dutse an saita su a cikin zurfin, inuwar alkuki. Haskoki na rana da ke faɗuwa akan farfajiyar su ya haifar da wasa mai ban mamaki na haske da inuwa, wanda kawai ke inganta ƙirar gaba ɗaya.

Idan aka kwatanta da Babban Haikali na Ramses 2 a Abu Simbel, facade na Sanananan Sanctuary tana da kyau sosai. Tsarin ya kunshi zauren da aka sassaka a cikin dutsen da ƙaramin haikalin, ya kasu kashi 3. A ɗayansu, na tsakiya, akwai wata katuwar siffa ta saniya, tana mai nuna tsohuwar allahiyar Masar Hathor, da shi kansa fir'aunan, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kariyarta. Hakanan ana samun hotunan wannan allahntaka a kan ginshikan zauren farko, wanda saboda shi ake kiranta hathoric. Anan kuma zaku iya ganin rubutun sadaukarwa wanda ke tabbatar da gaskiyar asalin wannan tsarin na musamman.

Gabaɗaya, rukunin Churchananan Cocin kusan ba a rarrabewa da Babban. Bambanci kawai shine a cikin girma (komai ya fi ƙanƙanta a cikin wannan) da batun zanen. Bas-reliefs na haikalin Nefertari sun fi kwanciyar hankali. Mafi yawansu suna nuna wuraren ba da kyaututtuka ga gumakan tsohuwar Masar. Koyaya, wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda allahiya Hathor ana ɗauka kusan mafi dacewa a cikin dukkanin pantheon kuma alama ce ta mace, soyayya, kyau da haihuwa.

Gano Farashi ko sanya kowane masauki ta amfani da wannan fom

Canja wurin temples

Yawan gidajen ibadar Abu Simbel a Misira ya fadi da manyan gwaji. Da farko, sun tsaya a cikin yashi sama da shekaru dubu 3, sa'annan sun kusan ƙarewa cikin ruwa. Gaskiyar ita ce bayan abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali a shekarar 1952, an yanke shawarar gina madatsar ruwa a gabar Kogin Nilu kusa da garin Aswan. Wannan, da farko kallo, wani lamari na yau da kullun zai haifar da ambaliyar yankin, don haka ya lalata gine-ginen zamanin da gaba ɗaya. A wurin ginin sansanin soja na Ramsesopolis, ya kamata a samar da babban tafki, wanda tsawon ƙarni kaɗan ba zai bar alamun tarihin d hi a ko na dutsen mai martaba ba.

Wataƙila wannan zai faru ne idan a cikin 1959 sanannun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa ba su ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin zamantakewar jama'a mai ƙarfi da nufin ceton manyan abubuwan tarihi ba. Godiya ga ayyukansu, an datse kango na haikalin a cikin tubalan 1,035 kuma an kai su zuwa wani wuri wanda ke da mita 2 na gaba da mita 66 a saman kogin. Sannan aka huda tubalan kuma aka busa wani resin na musamman a cikin ramin. Piece by yanki, kamar abun wuyar warwarewa, an sake haɗa gine-ginen kuma an rufe su da hular kwano. An zuba tudu a saman, yana ba wannan zanen kammala kamanni. Idan ka kalli hoton gidan ibada na Abu Simbel a cikin kasidun masu yawon bude ido, da alama zasu tsaya anan duk tsawon rayuwarsu.

Yaƙin neman matsugunin ya ɗauki tsawon shekaru 3, ya ci Misira dala miliyan 40 kuma ya zama mafi girman aikin injiniya da aikin adana kayan tarihi a duniya. Masana kimiyya da suka yi nazarin abin tunawa a lokacin aikin sun yi mamakin girma da ingancin ilimin da tsofaffin mashahuran suka mallaka. Masana sun gano cewa layukan facades na duka haikalin Ramses na II suna a layi ɗaya da ƙwanƙolin dutsen. Wannan ya samar musu da karin tallafi. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tsoffin magina sun yi la’akari da kyawawan halaye na kasa - sun sanya kowane labulen sandstone da ƙarfe na ƙarfe, saboda abin da ya sa aka zana dukkan zane-zanen. A saman wannan, wannan abu ya wadatar da launuka masu launuka na dutse kuma yayi launin sandstone a cikin tabarau daban-daban.

A bayanin kula: Masallaci a Alkahira, inda aka ba mata mata masu addinai dabam.

Balaguro zuwa Abu Simbel

Idan har yanzu kuna iya ganin sauran abubuwan da ke gani na wannan ƙasar da kanku, to, saninka da haikalin Ramses a cikin Abu Simbel ya fi dacewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar yawon buɗe ido. Wannan ya faru ne saboda rashin cikakken otal-otal da ke kusa da wannan wuri, da kuma nesa mai nisa, waɗanda suka fi dacewa da tafiya tare da ƙwararren direba fiye da motar haya.

An shirya balaguron kwana biyu daga Hurghada kowace rana. Shirin yawon shakatawa ya hada da ziyartar wurare masu ban sha'awa sau daya. Tashar farko ta hanyar ita ce garin Aswan. Babban abubuwan jan hankali shine sanannen Ausan Dam, wanda injiniyoyi daga Tarayyar Soviet suka ƙirƙira, da Tsibirin Phile, a yankin da mafi tsoffin hadadden gidan ibada na Misira yake. Da daddare, ana ba matafiya masauki a cikin wani otal mai dadi, kuma tun kafin wayewar gari ana kai su gidan ibada na Abu Simbel. Za a dawo da ku zuwa Hurghada da misalin 10 na dare.

Kuna iya yin odar irin wannan yawon buɗe ido daga jagora a otal, kamfanin dillancin tafiye-tafiye ko ta Intanit. Kudin tafiya yana farawa daga $ 175. Akwai ragi ga yara.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa

A yayin rangadin, zaku koyi abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da gidan ibada na Abu Simbel a Misira. Ga kadan daga cikinsu:

Shaidun gani da ido sun ce kowace rana da wayewar gari, manya-manyan mutum-mutumi da aka girka a ƙofar haikalin suna yin sautuka masu ƙarfi kamar na nishin mutum. Mazauna yankin sun yi imani da cewa waɗannan tsoffin alloli sun yi wa 'ya'yansu maza kuka. Amma masana kimiyya sun sami cikakken bayani daban-daban game da wannan lamarin. Gaskiyar ita ce yayin da rana ta fito, bambanci tsakanin zafin jikin sandstone da sigogin yanayin ya zama sananne musamman. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin dutsen da ke motsawa a cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa sun fara niƙa (abin da ake kira tasirin garaya)
Ana iya ganin manyan gumakan har ma daga nesa mai nisa. Kar ka manta da bincika wannan gaskiyar ta hanyar tafiye tafiye.

Sunan wannan alamar ta bayyana tun kafin a fara ginin ta. Da farko, ba a kiran wannan sunan haikalin da kansa, amma dutse, a cikin kaurinsa wanda, a zahiri, ya bayyana. Masu jirgi ne suka ƙirƙira kalmar - sun yi imani cewa dutsen yana kama da ma'aunin hatsi, kuma ba su kira shi da komai face "mahaifin abinci" ko "uban kunne".
Bayan karanta tarihin tsohuwar Masar, zaku ga cewa haikalin Nefertari Merenmouth ya zama tsattsarkan wuri na biyu da aka keɓe ga sarauta mata. Na farko shine haikalin Nefertiti, wanda Akhenaten ya gina don girmama mashahurin matar sa.
A cikin ƙaramin ɓacin rai sama da ƙofar Ramsesopolis, mutum na iya ganin kan falkin da ke riƙe da faifan Ra-Horakhti, allahn fitowar rana. A gefen hagu na shi, zaka iya ganin sanda tare da kan kare Usera, kuma a dama - abin da aka kiyaye daga mutum-mutumin gunkin Maat. Idan ka hada sunayen duk wadannan gumakan, zaka samu sunan babban fir'auna.
Colossi, wanda aka girka a ƙofar haikalin, ya huce sosai - torsos ɗinsu tsirara ne, ƙafafunsu suna ƙasa, kuma hannayensu suna kan ƙugu. A zahiri, ba a zaɓi wannan matsayin kwatsam ba. Ta jaddada ikon Ramses II kuma ta sanya tsoro da girmamawa a cikin jama'ar Nubia. Bugu da kari, a wayewar gari, an zana su cikin launi mai ruwan kasa mai haske, wanda ya haifar da kyakyawan bambanci da inuwar duhu kuma ya sanya siffofin sun fi ban tsoro.
Gidan ibada na Abu Simbel, wanda yanzu ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan manyan dukiyar Masar, ya kasance ainihin abin takaici ga masu gano shi. Kuma duk saboda a cikin ɗakunan taruwarsa babu zinariya ko duwatsu masu daraja - sai dai zane-zanen dutsen da launukan larabawa masu launi.

Tunanin yadda za a kiyaye hadadden daga ambaliyar, masanan suka ba da shawarar nutsar da shi a karkashin ruwa kuma su rufe shi da dome-aquarium mai haske. A wannan yanayin, mutum na iya kallon shahararren alamar ba kawai daga sama ba, har ma a ciki. Don wannan, an shirya shi don gina dandamali na lura na musamman da ɗakuna na musamman waɗanda za su rage baƙi a ƙarƙashin ruwa. Abin farin ciki, wannan ra'ayin bai taɓa yin nasara ba.
Yayin canja wurin wannan tsarin, an yi yanke sama da dubu 5. Aikin bai tsaya ko da daddare ba, kuma duk magudi an yi su da hannu.