Cossacks - su wanene, a ina suke rayuwa, fasali
Makomar Cossacks - gwarzo, mai ɗaci da ban haushi, har yanzu yana farantawa al'umma rai. A tsakiyar rayuwar ƙabilar da ke rayuwa a zamanin da a gefen Rasha da weasashen Commonwealth, akwai kafuwar tushe na Orthodoxy, kishin ƙasa, girmama al'adun iyali da tushe. Ofarfin waɗannan ƙa'idodin an tabbatar da shi ta ƙarni na tsohuwar aikin soja na Cossack, ayyukan jaruntaka, da tatsuniya da ta wanzu har zuwa zamaninmu.
Wanene Cossacks kuma daga ina suka fito
A zamaninmu na kirkirar sabuwar zamantakewar Rasha, hukumomi suna da masaniyar ƙwarewar ƙarancin mulkin Cossack na cikin gida, wanda ya girma bisa gogewar demokraɗiyya ta "veche" (Novgorod).
Mun sami farkon ambaton Cossacks a cikin bayanan gwamnan Putivl, Mikhail Troekurov a tsakiyar karni na 16, wanda ke faɗi game da ƙungiyoyin mutanen da ba su da makiyaya "da yardar kansu", kuma ba ta ƙa'idodin sarauta ba. Waɗannan galibi galibin bayi ne da suka tsere daga bayi mai ƙarfi. Bincike akai-akai ga gwamnonin tsarist da kuma hukuncin da ya biyo baya ya sanya ba za a iya yin salon rayuwa ba.
Sai kawai a ƙarshen karni na 18 kawai mulkin kai ya yaba da karfin soja na waɗannan mutane masu zaman kansu da marasa tsoro kuma suka ba su ƙasa don amfanin jama'a. Don haka an maye gurbin gonakin Cossack da ƙauyuka, gundumomin Cossack da ƙasashen Astrakhan, Donskoy, Kuban, Ural, sojojin Transbaikal.
Akwai Yarjejeniya "A kan inganta ƙauyukan Cossack" a cikin ƙa'idojin dokokin Daular Rasha, waɗanda ke bayyana batutuwan mallakar ƙasa da amfani da ƙasa. Ga wani muhimmin tanadi mai mahimmanci: "villageungiyoyin ƙauye a cikin rabon alawus da filaye suna bin ƙa'idodin dogaro da al'adun gargajiya, kuma babu yadda za'ai ya keta su."
Labarin bidiyo
Don da Kuban Cossacks
Gajeren labari
A Rasha, a ranar 3 ga Janairun 1870, aka cika shekaru 300 da kirkirar Mai watsa shiri Don Cossack. Ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1570 tana ƙarƙashin wasiƙar maraba da Cossacks na Ivan Mai Tsanani. Amma asalin ingancin Don ya faro ne daga farkon ƙarni na 16, lokacin da rukunin Cossack suka kasance ɓangare na rundunar Ivan III.
A cikin 1552 Cossacks sun shiga cikin kamfen da Kazan. Har zuwa 1584 an dauke su "masu kyauta", kuma a wannan shekarar Don Cossacks sun yi rantsuwa da biyayya ga Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich Romanov.
Complexarin rikitaccen tarihin sojojin Kuban Cossack. Waɗanda suka kafa ta, nan asalin Zaporozhye Sich, sun tsananta wa fashi daga tsars ɗin Rasha. Cuban Cuban na Kuban, wanda ke da hedkwatarsa a Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar ta yanzu), ya haɗu da mutane masu 'yanci na ƙasashe da yawa a cikin matsayinsu. Baya ga Rasha da Yukreniya, akwai wakilan mutanen Caucasus. Wannan shine yadda aka kafa al'adun kabilanci daban. A cikin 1792, ta hanyar dokar tsarist, an ba sojojin ƙasa a bankunan Taman da Kuban don amfani mara iyaka. Auyukan sojojin Kuban sun taka rawar tashar iyakar Rasha a kudu.
Sabis na Cossack
Cossack ya shiga aikin soja yana da shekaru 19 kuma ya kasance a ciki tsawon shekaru 25, kuma bayan haka ne ya yi ritaya. An sanya sabis na takaddama ga tsarin Cossack yana da shekaru 4. Bugu da kari, sau daya a duk shekaru 5, Cossack ya kasance cikin sansanonin horarwa na kowane wata, inda ya tabbatar da kwarewar sa ta fada. An tilasta masa, ta hanyar oda, ya bayyana tare da makaminsa, dokin yaƙi, kayan ɗamara. A sansanin horon, an gudanar da atisayen dabaru, an yi nazarin makamai na zamani, an yi harbe-harben rajista, an kuma bincika mallakar doki.
Yayin da sabis ɗin ke ci gaba, Cossack ya sami ci gaba a cikin matsayi, bayar da umarni da lambobin yabo. Akwai labarai da almara da yawa game da misalai na jaruntaka da jarumtaka na Cossacks. Ayyukan Ataman M. Platov a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da sojojin Napoleon, Cossack Kozma Kryuchkov, wanda ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Duniya na andaya kuma aka ba shi farkon St George Cross, an harbe shi har abada don tunawa da zuriyarsa masu godiya. Wani sabon misali shine aikin cikakken Georgievsky Knight, Jarumin Soviet Union K.I.Nedorubov a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, wanda ya tabbatar da ingancin dawakai a yakin inji.
Cossacks jarumai ne kuma manoma. Gwamnatin tsarist da kimanta kimanta gudummawar tattalin arziƙin Cossacks ga kasafin kuɗin ƙasa. Cossacks cikin fasaha sunyi amfani da sabbin injunan noma da takin zamani. Amfani a kan makircin Cossack ya yi yawa. An tashe su tun daga ƙuruciya a al'adar girmama aiki, sun kiyaye damar fitar da hatsin Rashan a matakin da ya dace. Kuma wannan ma sabis ne.
Yadda ake zama Cossack
A cikin Cossacks, irin wannan ƙirƙirar tambayar ana ɗaukarta mara daɗi. Tsarin gargajiya a tsakanin su shine cewa mutum zai iya zama Cossack kawai. Anan muna magana ne game da aminci ga ƙwaƙwalwar kakanni, game da yanayin dangi wanda ke girmama abubuwan da mahaifinsu ke so, game da Orthodoxy - ainihin mahimmancin ɗabi'a. An yi ƙoƙari don rayar da irin wannan hoton na tarbiyya: An ƙirƙiri azuzuwan Cossack a makarantun sakandare, an shirya kamfanonin Cossack a cikin runduna ta zamani, Cossack mukamai da muƙamai, umarni da kyaututtuka sun dawo tsakanin masu bin al'adun kabilu.
Amma ya kamata a sani cewa sannu a hankali ilimin makaranta yana karkata zuwa ga ajin 'yan boko, sabbin abubuwa a cikin sojoji ba su da tushe sosai. Dole ne mu yarda cewa babu babban kwarin gwiwa game da farkawa da sabon girman Cossacks a cikin al'ummar mu. Kuma shawarar da hukumomi suka yanke na gyara Cossacks da suka sha wahala yayin yakin basasa galibi na kwaskwarima ne.
Bayan yanke shawara don shiga cikin ƙungiyar Cossack, kuna buƙatar kiyaye ƙa'idodi da yawa:
- Dole ne dan takarar ya kasance shekarun doka.
- Kasance da Orthodox.
- Goyi bayan akidar Cossacks, ku sani da girmama al'adunsu da al'adunsu.
- Kasance cikin al'adar jima'i ta al'ada.
- Yi sha'awar son rai.
- Don shiga cikin al'umma, dole ne ku gabatar da aikace-aikacen da aka gabatar zuwa ga ataman na ƙungiyar ƙauyuka ko gunduma mafi kusa.
- Ana buƙatar shawarwari daga mutane biyu waɗanda suka kasance cikin ƙungiyar har tsawon shekaru biyu ko sama da haka.
- Hakanan kuna buƙatar gabatar da takardu akan ilimi, aikin soja, kyaututtuka (idan akwai).
- A taron Cossack, ana jefa ƙuri'a. Idan mafi yawan kuri'un suka amince da shi, za a saita sabon shiga don lokacin gwaji, wanda a lokacin ne ya zama dole a yi nazarin kundin tsarin mulki, dokoki, dokoki, umarni, da shiga cikin ayyukan al'umma.
- A ƙarshen lokacin gwajin, idan kowa ya gamsu, sai a fara aiwatar da ibada, inda aka gayyaci firist, basarake, da duk wakilan ƙungiyar. Mai farawa ya karɓi takardar shaidar Cossack da izini don ɗaukar kaifin makamai.
Bidiyon bidiyo
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Cossack da aka fassara daga yaren Turkanci mutum ne mai zaman kansa, mai zaman kansa.
- 'Yan Cossack din sun kirkiro nasu "jihohi" wadanda ake kira sojoji - sojojin Zaporozhian, Don, da Chervleniy Yar. Yammacin Ukraine an kafa shi ne daga ɗayan irin waɗannan sojojin.
- Cossack ya shiga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe ta ɓangaren mutane daban-daban: Turkawa, Poles, Russia, har ma da Jamusawa.
- Siberia ta kware sosai a kan kuɗin sojojin Cossack.
- Tutar Cossacks tana da launuka uku: rawaya, ja, shuɗi. Wannan alama ce ta haɗin kan mutane uku - Russia, Kalmyks, Cossacks.
Cossacks a cikin duniyar zamani - fasali da nauyi
A yau akwai babban motsi don farfaɗo da Cossacks. Kishin kasa na Cossacks na zamani ya zama daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke kawo cikas ga barnatar da dukiyar kasa. Al’umma gabaɗaya tana rasa abubuwan ɗabi’unta, kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin darajar dangi. Saboda haka, yana da mahimmanci a saurari muryar Cossacks ta zamani.
Farfado da mulkin kai na cikin gida shima yana samun tallafi a cikin al'umma. Ana wakiltar wakilan Cossacks na zamani ga ƙananan hukumomi, ƙungiyoyin jama'a, suna sa ido kan tarbiyyar thean shekaru masu zuwa. Cossacks suna tsare yankin da aka ba su, suna taimakawa wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiyar jama'a, da yaƙi da halin ko-in-kula da hukumomi ke da shi game da bukatun 'yan ƙasa, rashawa.