Cologne Cathedral - Gothic gwanin ban mamaki

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Babban birni mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci na garin Cologne a Jamus shine Katolika na Katolika na Katolika na St. Peter da Maryamu Mai Tsarki. Wannan shine sunan hukuma na ginin addini, mafi yawan mutane shine kawai Cologne Cathedral.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Shahararren alamar tarihi ba ta jiha ce ko ta Coci ba. Babban jami'in Cologne Cathedral a Jamus shine ... Cologne Cathedral kanta!

Tarihin Haikali a takaice

Babban ginin katolika a Cologne yana a kan wani shafin wanda, har ma a lokacin mulkin Rome, shine cibiyar addinin Kiristocin da ke zaune anan. A cikin ƙarnuka, an gina tsararraki da yawa na haikalin a wurin, kuma kowane ɗayan da ya biyo baya ya zarce waɗanda suka gabata a sikeli. A cikin ƙananan bene na babban coci na zamani, inda ake ci gaba da haƙawa yanzu, za ku ga abin da ya tsira daga waɗannan tsoffin wuraren bautar.

Dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar sabon haikali

Ana iya jayayya cewa tarihin Cologne Cathedral a Jamus ya fara a 1164. A dai-dai wannan lokacin, Akbishop Reinald von Dassel ya kawo wa Cologne kayan tarihin Magi uku masu tsarki, waɗanda suka zo su yi wa jaririn Yesu sujada.

A cikin Kiristanci, waɗannan abubuwan tarihi suna ɗauke da wuraren bautar gumaka masu daraja waɗanda mahajjata daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka je. Irin wannan mahimmin abin tarihin na addini ya buƙaci Gida. Tunanin kirkirar katafaren babban coci a Jamus, wanda ya zarce sanannun manyan cocin Faransa, na Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden ne.

Sabon cocin a Cologne an gina shi a matakai biyu masu tsayi sosai.

Yadda abin ya fara

Gerhard von Riehle - wannan mutumin ne ya zana zane-zanen, bisa ga aikin da aka gudanar kan gina babban tsari. Konrad von Hochstaden ne ya aza tubalin alama ta cocin Cologne a cikin 1248. Na farko, an gina gefen gabas na haikalin: bagade, kewaye da ɗakin mawaƙa (an tsarkake su a 1322).

A cikin ƙarni na 14 da na 15, aiki ya ci gaba a hankali: kawai naves a ɓangaren kudancin ginin an kammala kuma an kafa matakai uku na hasumiyar kudu. A cikin shekarar 1448, an girka kararrawa biyu a kan hasumiyar kararrawar hasumiyar, nauyin kowannensu ya kai tan 10.5.

Shekarar da aka dakatar da ginin, majiyoyi mabanbanta sun nuna daban: 1473, 1520 da 1560. Shekaru da yawa babban cocin a Cologne ya kasance bai ƙare ba, kuma wani babban ƙira (56 m) yana tsaye akan hasumiyar kudu koyaushe.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Gidan Hermitage yana dauke da zanen sanannen mai zane-zane ɗan ƙasar Holland Jan van der Heyden "A Street in Cologne". Tana nuna titunan birni na farkon karni na 18, da kuma babban coci tare da hasumiya da ba a gama gininta ba da kuma ɗauke da ƙugiya a kanta.

Mataki na biyu na aikin gini

A cikin karni na 19, Sarkin Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm IV ya ba da umarnin kammala babban cocin, ban da mawaƙa da aka kafa tuni suna bukatar gyara. A waccan shekarun, gine-ginen Gothic ya kasance a gaba mafi shahara na shahara, saboda haka aka yanke shawarar gama wurin bautar, yana mai bin salon Gothic da aka zaba a baya. Wannan ya sauƙaƙa da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1814, ta hanyar al'ajabi, an gano zane-zanen da aka ɓace na tsawon lokaci, wanda Gerhard von Riehle ya zana.

Karl Friedrich Schinkel da Ernst Friedrich Zwirner sun bita tsohon aikin kuma a shekarar 1842 aka fara kashi na biyu na aikin gini. Friedrich Wilhelm IV ne ya fara shi da kansa, bayan da ya ɗora wani “dutse na farko” a cikin harsashin.

A cikin 1880, an kammala ɗayan ayyukan gini mafi tsayi a tarihin Turai har ma an yi bikin a Jamus a matsayin taron ƙasa. Idan muka yi la’akari da tsawon lokacin da aka gina Katolika na Cologne, ya zama cewa shekaru 632 ke nan. Amma ko da bayan bikin da aka yi a hukumance, wurin ibada na addini bai daina gyarawa da kammalawa ba: canza gilashi, ci gaba zuwa kayan ado na ciki, kwanciya benaye. Kuma a cikin 1906, ɗayan hasumiyar da ke saman facade ta rushe, kuma dole ne a gyara katangar da ta lalace.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! A cikin 1880, Cologne Cathedral (tsawo 157 m) shine mafi tsayi tsari ba kawai a cikin Jamus ba, har ma a duniya. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai rikodin har zuwa shekarar 1884, lokacin da abin tunawa da Washington (169 m) ya bayyana a Amurka. A cikin 1887, an gina Hasumiyar Eiffel (mita 300) a Faransa, kuma a 1981 wata hasumiya ta TV (266 m) ta bayyana a Cologne, kuma babban cocin ya zama gini mafi girma na 4 a duniya.

Shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na II da lokacin bayan yaƙi

A Yaƙin Duniya na II, Cologne, kamar sauran biranen Jamus da yawa, fashewar bom ya lalata shi ƙwarai. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Cologne Cathedral ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta tsira kuma ta tashi daga cikin kango da ke ci gaba, kamar dai ta taso ne daga wata duniya.

Kamar yadda masu dabarun soja ke faɗi, dogayen hasumiyar ginin sun kasance wuraren zama matuka ga matukan jirgin, don haka ba su jefa bama-bamai ba. Amma duk da haka, bama-bamai ta sama sun buga majami'ar sau 14, kodayake ba ta sami mummunar lalacewa ba. Koyaya, ana buƙatar sabon aikin sabuntawa.

Har zuwa 1948, an sake mawaƙa a cikin Cologne Cathedral, bayan haka aka fara hidimomi a wurin. Maido da sauran cikin ya ci gaba har zuwa 1956. A lokaci guda, an gina wani matattakala mai karko wanda zai kai ga shafin a ɗayan hasumiyar, a tsayin 98 m.

Lokaci har zuwa yau

Saboda mummunar gurɓatar muhalli da mummunan yanayi, lalacewa da yawa ga babban cocin a Cologne na faruwa koyaushe, wanda zai haifar da lalata shi. Ofishin maidowa na ɗan lokaci yana nan kusa da ginin, yana ci gaba da aikin gyarawa. Gaba ɗaya, ginin babban coci a Cologne (Jamus) yana da wuya a taɓa kammala shi kwata-kwata.

Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai wani tsohon labari da yake cewa Shaidan ne da kansa ya tsara zane na Cologne Cathedral. A madadin wannan, Gerhard von Riehle dole ne ya ba da ransa, amma ya sami damar yaudarar Shaiɗan. Sannan Shaidan mai fusata ya ce lokacin da aka kammala ginin babban cocin, garin Cologne zai daina kasancewa. Wataƙila wannan shine dalilin da ya sa babu wanda ke gaggawa don dakatar da gini?

Tun daga 1996, Cologne Cathedral take cikin jerin UNESCO na Kayan Tarihi na Duniya.

Yanzu wannan gidan ibada shine ɗayan mahimman wuraren tarihi na gine-gine a cikin Jamus. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda Coci ta tsara karnoni da dama da suka gabata, tana dauke da mahimman abubuwan tarihi ga Kiristoci.

Fasali na gine-gine

Babban Cocin na Waliyyan Bitrus da Maryamu a Cologne babban misali ne na salon marigayi Gothic a Jamus. Mafi dacewa, wannan shine salon Gothic na Arewacin Faransa, kuma Amiens Cathedral sunyi aiki azaman samfuri. Katolika na Cologne yana da halaye da yawa na kyawawan kayan adon gine-gine, da yalwar kyawawan layin yadin ado.

Babban ginin yana da siffar gicciyen Latin, wanda tsayinsa ya kai mita 144.5 kuma faɗinsa ya kai mita 86. Tare da wasu hasumiyoyi biyu masu ɗaukaka, ya mamaye yanki na 7,000 m², kuma wannan rikodin duniya ne na ginin addini. Tsayin hasumiyar kudu ya kai mita 157.3, ta arewa tana da 'yan mituna ƙasa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Ko da duk garin Cologne ya natsu gaba daya, iska tana kadawa kusa da babban cocin. Hanyoyin iska, suna haɗuwa da irin wannan matsalar da ba zato ba tsammani kamar dogayen hasumiya a farfajiyar Rhine, suna ta sauri.

Ana kuma jin yanayin girman sararin samaniya a cikin ginin saboda banbancin tsawo: tsaka-tsakin tsakiya sau 2 ya fi naves ɗin gefe. Ana tallafawa manyan labulen ta hanyar siririn ginshiƙai waɗanda suka tashi mita 44. Bakunan baka an nuna su, wanda ya zama alama ce ta madawwamin buri na mutane zuwa sama, ga Allah.

Yawancin coci-coci suna kusa da kewayen babban zauren haikalin. Daya daga cikinsu ya zama wurin binne wanda ya kafa wannan babban katafaren cocin a Jamus - Bishop Konrad von Hochstaden.

Katolika na Cologne galibi ana kiransa "gilashi" saboda gaskiyar cewa taga windows ɗinta (10,000 m²) sun fi girman ginin kanta. Kuma waɗannan ba windows kawai ba ne - waɗannan windows ne masu gilashi waɗanda ba a taɓa yin su ba a cikin zamani daban-daban kuma sun bambanta a salon. Tsoffin tagogi masu gilasai wadanda suka fi kyau a shekara ta 1304-1321 sune "windows na Baibul" akan jigo daya dace, a cikin shekarar 1848 5 an sanya "windows na gilashi masu tabo-bavaria" a cikin sabon salon Gothic, kuma a 2007 - wani katon taga mai girman zamani na Gerhard Richter daga cikin 11,500 wanda yake a cikin hadadden tsari iri daya girman gutsuren gilashin launuka.

Kwatanta farashin Masauki ta amfani da wannan Fom din

Baitul na Cologne Cathedral

A cikin haikalin Cologne akwai ayyuka masu mahimmanci na fasaha na zamani, alal misali, frescoes a bangon, zana hotunan Gothic a cikin mawaƙa. Babban shahararren babban bagade yana zaune, tsayinsa yakai mita 4.6, wanda aka yi shi da dutsen maƙallin marmara mai kauri. A gabansa da gefensa, an yi abubuwan da ke da farin marmara, an yi musu ado da ɗaukakar sassaka a kan taken nadin sarautar Budurwa.

Har yanzu, mafi mahimmancin jan hankali na Cologne Cathedral shine wurin ibada tare da kayan tarihin Magi Mai Tsarki guda uku, waɗanda aka girka kusa da babban bagaden. Masanin fasaha Nikolaus Verdunsky ya kirkiro akwatin katako wanda yakai mita 2.2x1.1x1.53, sannan ya rufe shi daga dukkan bangarorin da faranti na zinaren zinare. Duk bangarorin sarcophagus an kawata su tare da bin taken rayuwar Yesu Kiristi. Maigidan ya yi amfani da lu'u lu'u 1000, duwatsu da duwatsu masu daraja don yin ado da kifin kifin, waɗanda aka ɗauka mafi daraja a lokacin. An sanya gefen gaban wurin ibada mai cirewa, ana cire shi kowace shekara a ranar 6 ga Janairu don duk masu bi su iya yin ruku'u ga kayan tarihin Magi Masu Tsarki uku - waɗannan kawunan kai ne 3 a rawanin zinariya.

Wani kayan tarihi mai mahimmanci shine mutum-mutumin katako na Milan Madonna. Wannan hoton da ba shi da kyau na murmushi, ba mai baƙin ciki ba ne Budurwa Maryamu, an ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1290 kuma an san shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ƙirar fasaha ta zamanin Gothic.

Abubuwan tarihi na musamman na gaba shine Gero Cross, wanda aka kirkira a cikin 965-976 don Akbishop Gero. Fa'idar gicciyen itacen oak na mita biyu tare da gicciye yana cikin ainihin gaskiyar hoton. Ana nuna Yesu Kristi a lokacin mutuwa. Kansa a karkace tare da rufe idanunsa, kasusuwa, tsokoki da jijiyoyi ana bayyane sosai a jiki.

Baitulmalin

Mafi mahimman kayan tarihi, waɗanda ba za a ba su darajar kuɗi ba, ana sanya su a cikin taskar. An buɗe baitulmalin a 2000 a cikin ginshiki na Cologne Cathedral kuma a halin yanzu an san shi a matsayin mafi girma ba kawai a cikin Jamus ba, har ma a Turai.

Baitul malin yana da babban ɗaki, wanda ya ƙunshi bene da yawa. Kowane bene wani baje koli ne daban daban tare da nune-nune daban daban waɗanda aka sanya a cikin ɗakunan haske na musamman.

Daga cikin kayan tarihi masu mahimmanci a cikin dakin farko sune sandar da takobi na archbishops na Cologne, gicic ɗin Gothic don bukukuwan, jigon asalin asalin kayan tarihi na abubuwan Magi Mai Tsarki, da kuma rubuce-rubuce da yawa. A matakin ƙananan akwai lapidarium da tarin tarin rigunan coci masu tsintsiya. Abubuwan da ke ƙarƙashin arches suna jere tare da ɗakuna tare da abubuwan da aka samo a kabarin Franconian yayin hakar ƙarƙashin ginin. A cikin ɗaki ɗaya akwai zane-zane na asali waɗanda suka tsaya a ƙofar garin St. Peter a lokacin Tsararru.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Kowace shekara ana kashe 10,000,000 on wajen kula da Cocin Cologne.

Gano Farashi ko sanya kowane masauki ta amfani da wannan fom

Bayani mai amfani

Adireshin inda Cologne Cathedral take: Jamus, Cologne, Domkloster 4, 50667.

Yana kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa na gari Dom / Hauptbahnhof, daidai kan filin da ke gaban sa.

Lokacin aiki

Cologne Cathedral tana buɗe kowace rana a waɗannan lokutan:

a cikin Mayu - Oktoba daga 6:00 zuwa 21:00;
a Nuwamba - Afrilu daga 6:00 zuwa 19:30.

Ya kamata a lura cewa a ranakun Lahadi da ranakun hutu, ana ba da izinin yawon buɗe ido zuwa haikalin kawai daga 13:00 zuwa 16:30. Bugu da kari, yayin muhimman al'amuran addini, ana iya rufe hanyar shiga don masu yawon bude ido na wani lokaci. Za a iya samun bayanan da suka dace a shafin yanar gizon https://www.koelner-dom.de/home/.

Baitul mali na babban coci suna karɓar baƙi kowace rana daga 10:00 zuwa 18:00.

Ziyarci hasumiyar kudu tare da shimfidar kallo yana yiwuwa a lokuta masu zuwa:

Janairu, Fabrairu, Nuwamba da Disamba - daga 9:00 zuwa 16:00;
Maris, Afrilu da Oktoba - daga 9:00 zuwa 17:00;
daga Mayu zuwa karshen Satumba - daga 9:00 zuwa 18:00.

Ziyarci kudin

Entranceofar babban coci mafi girma a Jamus kyauta ne kyauta. Amma don ziyarci baitul da hawa hasumiya, dole ne ku biya.

hasumiya	baitulmali	hasumiya + taska
na manya	5 €	6 €	8 €
ga 'yan makaranta, dalibai da nakasassu	2 €	4 €	4 €
ga iyalai (mafi yawan manya 2 da yara)	8 €	12 €	16 €

Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, zaku iya shiga babban cocin ku duba shi da kanku yadda kuka ga dama. Amma idan kuna so, zaku iya ɗaukar ɗayan yawon shakatawa da yawa waɗanda ake gudanarwa daga Litinin zuwa Asabar a Turanci. Cikakken bayani game da hanyoyin da aka tsara da farashin su a shafin yanar gizon.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Kusan kowace shekara shahararren babban cocin na Jamus kusan kusan 3,000,000 masu yawon buɗe ido ke ziyarta - a lokacinda ake tsaka mai wuya kusan mutane 40,000 ne a rana!

Farashin kan shafin don Yuli 2019 ne.

A ƙarshe - shawarwari masu amfani

A waje, zuwa dama na babbar ƙofar zuwa Cologne Cathedral, ita ce ƙofar zuwa hasumiyar kudu tare da farfajiyar kallo. An dauke shi dole ne-ya gani, amma kafin tashiwa, kuna buƙatar ƙididdige ƙarfinku da hankali. Dole ne ku hau sannan ku sauko tare da wata matattakala ta tsaka-tsaka - faɗi ya zama da yawa cewa masu zuwa yawon buɗe ido da ƙyar za su iya watsewa. Da farko, za a sami dandamali tare da kararrawa, wanda zaku iya zagaya ta hasumiyar, sannan kuma ku sake hawa - matakai 509 ne kawai zuwa tsayin sama da mita 155. Amma kokarin da aka yi zai biya gaba daya: kyakkyawan birni mai ban mamaki da kuma Rhine yana buɗewa daga dandalin. Kodayake, yawancin yawon bude ido suna jayayya cewa wannan gaskiya ne kawai don lokacin dumi, kuma sauran lokacin Cologne ya yi kama da dutse kuma ba shi da kyau daga tsayi. Amma idan da gaske kun hau cikin lokacin sanyi, to a farkon hawan kuna buƙatar cire tufafinku masu ɗumi domin sakawa a kan bene - a matsayinka na mai mulki, akwai iska mai ƙarfi a can.
Hasumiyar babban cocin Cologne a bayyane suke a bayyane daga ko'ina cikin garin, amma ra'ayoyi mafi ban sha'awa daga ɗayan gefen Rhine suke. Isowa cikin gari ta jirgin ƙasa, zaku iya sauka ba tashar jirgin ƙasa kusa da babban cocin ba, amma a tashar da ke kishiyar kogin kuma a hankali ku tafi ginin da ƙafa a ƙetaren gada.
Idan kuna da lokaci, kuna buƙatar ziyarci gidan bautar gumaka na Jamus duka da rana da maraice. Da rana, tagogin gilashi masu launuka masu launi suna al'ajabi da darajarsu, musamman ma lokacin da hasken rana ya sauka akansu. Da yamma, godiya ga haske mai haske a kan dutse mai duhu, babban cocin yana da ban sha'awa sosai!

An ba kowa izinin shiga cikin haikalin, har ma da izinin ɗaukar hoto. Amma shigarwa zai yiwu ne kawai ba tare da manyan jaka ba kuma a cikin tufafi masu dacewa! Cologne Cathedral ba gidan kayan gargajiya bane, ana gudanar da sabis a can, kuma kuna buƙatar girmama wannan cikin girmamawa.
An hana ɗaukar hoto a cikin taskar babban coci. Akwai kyamarori da aka sanya ko'ina, saboda haka ba za ku iya ɗaukar hoto da hankali ba. An umarci masu cin zarafin su ba da kyamara kuma an ƙwace katin.
Ana gudanar da kide kide da wake na kyauta a haikalin a ranar Talata daga 20:00 zuwa 21:00. Ganin yadda suka shahara sosai, kuna buƙatar isa da wuri don samun lokacin zama mai kyau.